Chapter Five: Roles and Leadership in Groups

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0><script type="text/javascript" src="http://hb.lycos.com/hb.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://ratings.lycos.com/ratings/lycosRating.js.php"></script> <script type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[//><!]]></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://scripts.lycos.com/catman/init.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-start.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-middle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/ad/code-end.js"></script> <noscript> <img src="http://members.tripod.com/adm/img/common/ot_noscript.gif?rand=826413" alt="" width="1" height="1" />  <iframe frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="728" height="90" src="http://ad.yieldmanager.com/st?ad_type=iframe&ad_size=728x90&section=209094"></iframe>  </noscript> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=100 BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="31800640egdysm.jpg"> <div> <FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000066" FACE="Tahoma" ><B>The Message</b></FONT><FONT SIZE="6" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Tahoma" ><B> </b></FONT><B>|   </b><A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Message"><U><B>The Message Home Page</b></U></A><B> </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="small_group_communication_by_lynn_meade.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Small Group Home Page"><U><B>Small Group Home Page</b></U></A><B>  </b><B> |  </b><A HREF="id23.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Contact Me"><U><B>Contact Me</b></U></A></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> A Communication Website by Lynn Meade</div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=150 BGCOLOR="#0000BF" TEXT="#F7F7FF"> <div> <B>People want to be appreciated....</b></div> <div> <B>not impressed.</b></div> <div> <B>Sidney Harris.</b></div> </td> <td valign="top" height=380 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>Chapter Five: Roles and Leadership in Groups</b></div> <div> <B>    <IMG SRC="33aeedd0.jpg" border=0 width="238" height="221" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B>If you want to know the temperature of your organization.</b></div> <div> <B>put a thermometer in the leaders mouth.</b></div> <div> <B>Rick Warren</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Group Roles</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Norms and roles form the basic structure of the group</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Structure is the systematic interrelation of all part to the whole</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Norms</b> designate appropriate behavior for all group members</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Roles</b> stimulate how particular group members should behave. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A group role is a pattern of behavior expected of a group member. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Effects of roles</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The expectations attached to roles can have a marked influence on group member's perception.</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">role status</b>- the importance, prestige or power accorded a certain role. </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">role conflict-</b>when we find ourselves playing roles in different groups that contradict each other. (Do you take the exam or stay home with a sick child)</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In a review of 42 studies on role conflict, When individuals felt role conflict within organizations they had a(n) </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Increased tendency to leave the organization.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decreased commitment</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decreased involvement to the job</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decreased job satisfaction</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decreased participation in decision making. </div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Closer Look: The Stanford Prison Study</b></div> <div> This study placed college students in the role of prisoners and guards.  This 14 day study was ended after only 6 days. "In guard roles, college students who had been pacifists and 'nice guys' behaved aggressively-  sometimes even sadistically.  As prisoners, psychologically stable students soon behaved pathologically, passively resigning themselves to their unexpected fate of learned helplessness."</div> <bR> <div> <B>Types of Roles</b></div> <bR> <div> <B>Formal roles-</b> assigned by the organization to establish order</div> <div> <B>Informal roles-</b> emphasize functions, not positions.  </div> <div> No single informal role is found in all or even in most groups with the probable exception of leader</div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Types of Group Roles</b></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="593" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 417 WIDTH="168"><div> <B>Task Roles</b></div> <bR> <bR> <div> Extract the maximum productivity from the group</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Moves the group toward the attainment of its goals</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="406"><div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">I<I>nitiator-contributor-</I>Offers lots of ideas and suggestions; proposes solutions and new directions</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Information seeker</I>- Requests clarification; solicits evidence; asks for suggestions and ideas from others. </div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Opinion Seeker</I>- Requests viewpoints from other; looks for agreement and disagreement</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">I<I>nformation Giver</I>- Acts as a resource person for the group; provides relevant and significant information based on expertise or personal experience</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Clarifier-Elaborator</I>-Explains, expands, extends the ideas of others; provides examples and alternatives</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Coordinator-</I>Draws together ideas of others; shows relationships between facts and ideas; promotes teamwork and cooperation</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Secretary-Recorder</I>-Serves group memory function; takes minutes of the meetings; keeps group's records and history</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Director</I>-Keeps group on track-guides discussion; reminds group of goal, regulates group activities</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Devil's advocate-</I>Challenges prevailing point of view for the sake of argument in order to test and critically evaluate the strength of ideas, solutions, or decisions.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 228 WIDTH="168"><div> <B>Maintenance Roles</b></div> <bR> <div> Focus on the social dimension of the group</div> <bR> <div> The central function is to </div> <div> gain and maintain cohesiveness of the group</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="406"><div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Supporter-Encourager</I>-Bolsters the spirits and goodwill of the group; provides warmth, praise, and acceptance of others, includes reticent members in discussion</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Harmonizaers-</I>Tension reliever-Maintains the peace; reduces tension through humor and by reconciling differences between members.</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Gatekeeper-Expediter</I>-Controls channels of communication and the flow of information' encourages evenness of participation' promotes open discussion</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Feeling-Expresser</I>-Monitors feeling and moods of the group; suggestions discussion beaks when mood turns ugly or when energy levels lag. </div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 456 WIDTH="168"><div> <B>Disruptive Roles</b></div> <bR> <div> Serve individual needs or goals (Me-oriented) while empeding attainment of group goals.</div> <bR> <div> The central function is to focus on the individual</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="406"><div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Stagehog-</I> Seeks recognition and attention by monopolizing conversation; prevents others from expressing their opinions fully; wants the spotlight</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Isolate</I>-Deserts the group; withdraws from participation; acts indifferent aloof; uninvolved; resists effort to be included in group decision making.</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Clown-</I>Engages in horseplay; thrives on practical jokes and comic routines; diverts members attention away from the serious discussion of ideas and issues; steps beyond the boundaries of mere tension reliever</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Blocker-</I> Thwarts progress of group; does not cooperate; opposes much of what the group attempts to accomplish; incessantly reintroduces dead issues makes negative remarks to members</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Fighter-Controller</I>-Tries to dominate group; competes with members; abuses those who disagree; picks quarrels with members; interrupts to interject own opinions into discussion.</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Zealot</I> -Tries to convert members to a pet cause or idea; delivers sermons to group on state of the world; exhibits fanaticism</div> <div> <I><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cynic</I>-Displays sour outlook (a person who smells the flowers and looks around for a coffin)' engages in fault finding; focuses on negatives; predicts failure of group</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <B>Role Emergence</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Individuals initially make a bid to play a role</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If group endorsement occurs then true specialization occurs and the member settles into the role. </div> <div> <B>Role Fixation</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The acting out of a specific role and that role alone no matter what the situation might require. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sometimes groups insist on role fixation and that can cause problems</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> A leader is great not because of his or her power</div> <div> but because of his or her ability to empower others. </div> <div> -John Maxwell</div> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Definition of Leadership</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership is an influence process which is directed toward group goal achievement.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership requires followship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership implies change</div> <div> "People expect leaders to bring change about, to get things done, to make thing happen, to inspire, to motivate.  To influence someone is to change them--their behavior, their attitude, their beliefs, or their values.-Husband. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership is a transactional power relationship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership is a communication process</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership should not be determined exclusively on the basis of outcomes</div> <bR> <div> Approximately $150 million is spent annually by US businessmen on controversial group-training programs for employees. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Closer Look: Ethics and Leadership</b>- often organization have employees go through some unusual (possibly unethical) programs in the name of leadership. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Gaining and retaining leadership</b></div> <div> Emergence of leadership is significant in the life of a group</div> <div> In a study of 16 groups, almost a third never had a leader emerge.</div> <div> Leaderless groups were...</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Uniformly unsuccessful at their tasks</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Socially unsuccessful</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Strife predominated .</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Time was wasted</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Members became frustrated</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Cohesiveness suffered</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Members began skipping meetings rather than suffer more disharmony</div> <bR> <div> <B>How not to become a leader</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not show up late or miss important meetings</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not be uninformed about a problem commanding the group's attention</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt nor manifest apathy and lack of interest by sluggish participation</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not attempt to dominate conversation during discussion</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt no listen poorly</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not be rigid and inflexible when expressing viewpoints</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not bully group members</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Thou shalt not use offensive and abusive language</div> <bR> <div> <B>General pattern of leader emergence</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A group selects a leader by process of elimination where potential candidates are systematically removed from consideration until only one person remains to be the leader. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Quiet members are among the first eliminated. /Those who talk most are perceived initially as potential leader material. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The member who express strong, unqualified assertions are also eliminated. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The uninformed, unintelligent, or unskilled are next in line for elimination.  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Those who are bossy or dictatorial and those whose communication style is irritating or disturbing to other group members are eliminates. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The general tendency is for groups to accept as leader the person who provides the optimum blend of task efficiency and sensitivity to social considerations. </div> <bR> <div> <U>Ultimately is you want to become leader you should take the following steps</U></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Manifest conformity to the groups, norms, values, goals</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Display proper motivation to lead</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Avoid the thou shalt nots. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B><IMG SRC="33b9af60.jpg" border=0 width="154" height="246" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></b></div> <div> <B>Focus on Gender/ Culture: Gender and Ethnic leadership Bias</b></div> <div> It is apparent that in professional America that there is an invisible barrier of subtle discrimination that excludes women from top jobs.  This concept is referred to as a <B>glass ceiling.  </b></div> <bR> <div> <B>According to a report in 1999 by NBC Nightly News</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Only 3 women were CEO's of Fortune 500 companies</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Only 7 women were CEO's of Fortune 1000 companies</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Only 5% of senior management (Vice president or higher) positions are filled by women. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Only 2.7% of top income earners are women. </div> <bR> <div> <B>On the positive side</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The ratio of female to make knowledge workers (engineers, technicians, scientists, professionals, and senior mangers) is almost one to one. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Twenty five years ago fewer than 4% of MBA degrees went to women, now more than one third of all MA's are earned by women.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Almost half 44% of all managers in the US are women</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Half of all the law students in the country are women. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">40% of all the MD degrees are earned by women as opposed to 6% in 1960. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">22% of legislator were women</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">28% of state executive officials were women. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>On the Negative side </b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Women earn almost half of all the Doctoral degrees however only one quarter of tenured faculty are women. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">On average women earn 74 cents for every dollar men earn. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Ethnic Bias</b></div> <div> The US Labor Department's Glass Ceiling Report said</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Asian, African, and Hispanic Americans occupy on only 1% of the executive management jobs at Fortune 500 companies. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Minorities hold 28% of federal jobs but fill only 8% of top posts. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">African American and Asian American women earn 53% of the average white male salary</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Hispanic American women earn only 47% of the average white male salary. </div> <bR> <div> <B>How do we  combat this gender-ethnicity bias in emergent leadership in groups?</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Twenty percent rule--At least 20% and no fewer than 2 minorities or women</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">As the number of women and minorities increase in a group, the likelihood that woman or a minority will emerge as leader also increases.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If group members are allowed to mingle, interact, and work on a project before determining a leader the decision is more likely to be made on the basis of individual performance rather than gender.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Engaging in task-relevant communication behavior is a key to emerging as leader of a small task-oriented group. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">If women and minorities are among the first to speak in the group they speak fairly frequently.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leadership chances increase for women and minorities if they hone their communication skills and abilities. </div> <bR> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Most chief executives of major companies, when asked what on single characteristic is most needed by those in leadership positions replied, "The ability to work with people."</div> <bR> <div> Teddy Roosevelt said, "The most important single ingredient to the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people."</div> <bR> <div> The Center for Creative Leadership studied 105 successful executives and discovered the following:</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They admitted their mistakes and accepted the consequences.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They were able to get along with a wide variety of people.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They had strong interpersonal skills, sensitivity to others, and tact.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">They were calm and confident, rather than moody and volatile. </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>Retaining the leader role</b></div> <div> <B>There are three primary qualifications for retaining leadership</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You must demonstrate competence as a leader</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You must accept accountability for your actions</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">You must satisfy group members expectations</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Perspective on effective leadership</U></b></div> <div> <B>Traits perspective</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leaders are born not made</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Height, weight, and physical attractiveness have a bearing on social influence.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In the last 25 elections, 22 have been one by the taller candidate</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Tall individuals usually have greater influence with others than do shorter ones. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader emergence and leadership effectiveness are not identical </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Fiedler and House claim "Effective leaders tend to be bright, competent, and socially adept rather than stupid, incompetent social disasters. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The principle problem with trait approach to effective leadership is the assumption that leadership resides in the person, not in transactions conducted within the group content. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">"Leadership is a process, not a person. " Hollander</div> <bR> <div> <B>Styles perspective</b></div> <div> No one style will be suitable for all situations. </div> <div> Lewin decided to look at leadership styles as a better explanation</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Autocratic:</b>  Puts most of the emphasis on the task with little concern for social dimension of the group</div> <div> When women use this style they are seen as less competent leaders than men. </div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Democratic:</b> Puts a balance of emphasis on both the task and social dimensions of the group</div> <div> <B><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Laissez-faire-</b>: Provides no direction and no regard is accorded the social transactions in the group</div> <div> Laisses-Faire.  is not really leadership and is now dropped from serious consideration for research. </div> <bR> <div> <B>Situational (Contingency) perspective</b></div> <div> "It depends"  approach to leadership.</div> <div> Effective leadership is contingent upon matching styles with situations. </div> <bR> <div> Henry and Blanchard have <B>three variables in their situational model</b></div> <div> 1.  The amount of guidance and direction (task emphasis) a leader provides</div> <div> 2. The amount of relationship support (socio-emotional emphasis) a leader provides</div> <div> 3. The readiness level in performing a specify task, function or objective that followers demonstrate.</div> <bR> <div> Effective leadership is dependent upon the transactions that take place between leaders and followers. </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <B>Henry and Blanchard identify Four Leadership Styles</b></div> <div> <B>Situational Leadership</b></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="498" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 151 WIDTH="235"><div> <B>Participating Style</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Low task High Relationship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Non directive</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader shares decision making with special emphasis on developing relationships in the group</div> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="244"><div> <B>Selling style</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">High task, high relationship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Directive style</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader explains and clarifies decisions but also tries to convince followers to take directives.</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 189 WIDTH="235"><div> <B>Delegating Style</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Low task, low relationship</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Non directive</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader allows the group to be self-directed</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Responsibility for decision making and implementation of ideas rests with the group.</div> <bR> <bR> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="244"><div> <B>Telling style</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">High task, low relationship emphasis</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Directive style</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader provides specific instructions regarding the task</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Leader closely supervises the performance of followers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Minimal focus son developing relationships</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <B>The key to leadership effectiveness is matching the appropriate style to the group environment. </b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The primary situational variable that the leader must consider when adapting leadership styles to the specific group is the readiness (how ready a person is to perform a particular task) level of followers</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Decisions are leader directed at lower levels of readiness while decisions are follower directed at higher levels of readiness. </div> <bR> <div> President of Hyatt Hotels said in Newsweek Magazine, "If there is anything I have learned in my 27 years in the service industry is this: 99 percent of all the employees want to do a good job.  How they perform is simply a refection of the one for whom they work. "</div> <bR> <div> <B>Functional perspective</b></div> <div> Views leadership in teams of certain function that must be performed for a group to be successful.</div> <bR> <div> William Schutz perspective is<B> Leader as Completer.</b></div> <div> Leaders perform those essential functions that a group or other members have failed to perform</div> <bR> <div> Fisher and Ellis offer a model of <B>Vital Functions</b></div> <div> Leaders perform a  list of vital functions different in kind or degree form other members</div> <div> <B>Group procedures</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Plan an agenda</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Routine housekeeping details</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Prepare for next meeting</div> <div> <B>Task requirements</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Initiate a structure</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Seek information</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Give information</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Offer informed opinions</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Clarify, summarize, and elaborate</div> <div> <B>Social Needs</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Facilitate involvement and communication</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Harmonize</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Express feelings</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> Developing the Leader Within You</div> <div> John Maxwell</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss drives the workers; the leader coaches them</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">THe boss depends upon authority; the leader on goodwill.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss inspires fear; the leader inspired enthusiasm</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss says "I": the leader, "We."</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss fixes the blame for the breakdown; the leader fixes the breakdown.</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss knows how it is done; the leader shows how. </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The boss says "go": The leader says "let's go!"</div> <div> <IMG SRC="09822240.gif" border=0 width="546" height="36" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Communication competence perspective</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ultimately, effective leadership depends on competent communication</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The central overriding point to make that leadership in groups is an adaptive process</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The leader sets the emotional tone for the group</div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> A grat teacher never strives to explain his vision</div> <div> He simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself</div> <div> -John Maxwell</div> <div> <IMG SRC="135f4080.jpg" border=0 width="500" height="8" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <div> <B>Closer Look: Leadership and Team building</b></div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A group needs a purpose to become a team</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Team goals should be clear and challenging</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A team needs to develop an identity</div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f000000000.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Roles need to be designated in teams. </div> <bR> <div> Closer Look: "Chainsaw Al" and Aaron Feuerstein: A lesson in contrasts. </div> </td> </tr></table></body>